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Did
you know?
Reverse osmosis is the finest water filtration method known. This process will
allow the removal of particles as small as ions from a solution. It is used
to purify water and remove salts and other impurities in order to improve the
color, taste or properties of the fluid. R.O. uses a membrane that is semi-permeable,
allowing the fluid that is being purified to pass through it, while rejecting
other ions and contaminants from passing.
This technology uses a process
known as crossflow to allow the r.o. membrane to continually clean itself. This
is the reason of why an r.o. element can last many years before clogging or
need replacement. This
water purification process requires a driving force to push the fluid through
the membrane, and the most common force is household water pressure or pressure
from a booster pump. The higher the pressure, the larger the driving force and
efficiency.
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DOMESTIC
WATER SOFTENER/ CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
Most
manufacturers make two basic types of water softeners. These can be classified
as fully automatic and demand initiated regeneration models.
A
fully automatic softener is usually equipped with a timer which automatically
initiates every step in the regeneration process. The regenerating of
the unit is usually done at night when water usage is at a minimum.
With
a demand initiated regeneration unit all operations, including bypass
(of hard or soft water depending on design) and return to service are
initiated and performed automatically in response to the demand for treated
water. Salt storage shall be sufficient for multiple regenerations.
Salt
for regeneration may be put in the softener in any of several different
ways depending on the type of equipment. With some models salt is placed
directly in the unit through an opening at the top, at the proper time
during the regeneration.
In
other units the salt brine form may be stored in a separate closed tank.
When needed, this
brine is forced into the softener by fresh water under pressure. Brine
can also be stored in a non-pressure container and be drawn into the softener
by suction, to feed the proper amount of brine into the softener tank.
Water
softeners are rated in terms of grains of capacity. This capacity refers
to the ability of the unit to remove the stated number of grains of hardness
from a supply of water. The capacity of a unit depends on the amount of
ion exchanger in the softener, the amount of salt used to regenerate it,
plus a variety of other design factors such as regeneration flow rates,
etc.
The ion exchange process
outlined up to this point meets the requirements for the preparation of
fully soft water for home needs.
Industrial demands,
on the other hand, often call for water that is completely free of mineral
contaminants. For this reason, the treatment of the water must be carried
further than is necessary for home needs.
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