Did
you know?
Reverse osmosis is the finest water filtration method known. This process will
allow the removal of particles as small as ions from a solution. It is used
to purify water and remove salts and other impurities in order to improve the
color, taste or properties of the fluid. R.O. uses a membrane that is semi-permeable,
allowing the fluid that is being purified to pass through it, while rejecting
other ions and contaminants from passing. This technology uses a process
known as crossflow to allow the r.o. membrane to continually clean itself. This
is the reason of why an r.o. element can last many years before clogging or
need replacement. This
water purification process requires a driving force to push the fluid through
the membrane, and the most common force is household water pressure or pressure
from a booster pump. The higher the pressure, the larger the driving force and
efficiency.
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Flooding
and its health effects on water sources.
The increased
likelihood of future flooding, together with the recent events experienced
in New Orleans, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and the
Russian Federation, raises the issue of how floods affect human health.
Besides the "tangible" effects of flooding, such as damage to property
and infrastructure, there is a growing awareness of the significance of
the "intangible" effects, both physical and psychological, that have traditionally
been underestimated in assessing the consequences of flooding.
In terms
of occurrence, health effects can be categorized as: those happening during
or immediately after the flooding; those developing in the days or early
weeks following the flooding; and longer-term effects, which may appear
after and/or last for months or years. All these categories can be divided
into direct and indirect health effects.
So what are
the direct effects? Stream flow velocity; topographical features; absence
of warning; rapid speed of flood onset; deep flood waters; landslides;
risky behavior; fast-flowing waters carrying boulders and fallen trees;
drowning; injuries; contact with water respiratory diseases; shock; hypothermia;
cardiac arrest; contact with polluted water wound infections; dermatitis;
conjunctivitis; gastrointestinal illnesses; ear, nose and throat infections;
possible serious waterborne diseases; increase in physical and emotional
stress; increased susceptibility to psychosocial disturbances and cardiovascular
incidents.
The Indirect
effects also have overbearing health implications: Damage to water supply
systems; damage to sewerage and sewage disposal systems; insufficient
supply of drinking-water; insufficient supply of water for washing; possible
waterborne infections (enter pathogenic E.coli, Shigella, hepatitis A,
leptospirosis, giardiasis, campylobacteriosis); dermatitis; conjunctivitis;
disruption of transport systems food shortages; disruption of emergency
response; disruption of underground piping; dislodgment of storage tanks;
overflow of toxic waste sites; release of chemicals; disruption of petrol
storage tanks, possibly leading to fire; Potential acute or chronic effects
of chemical pollution; Standing water; heavy rainfall; expanded range
of vector habitats; vector borne diseases; rodent migration; possible
rodent-borne diseases disruption of social networks; loss of property;
Clean-up activities following flooding Electrocution; injuries; lacerations;
puncture wounds Destruction of primary food products Food shortages; damage
to health services; disruption of "normal" health service activities;
decrease in "normal" health care services; insufficient access to medical
care.
Source: MENNE,
B. ET AL.
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